Chapter 2 + 3 Notes

Living things are mainly H₂O + Organic Compounds (Carbon)

C, H, O, N make up about 95% of living things

Ca⁺ - Carbonates (Shells)

Muscle contraction- leg cramps

Blood Clotting

Calcium channel blockers for heart attack patients

Fe⁺ - iron in hemoglobin - carry 0₂

Na⁺, Cl^- - H₂O balance

Nerve Conduction

K⁺, P⁺ - DNA

Mg⁺ - Chlorophyll

Trace elements - copper, zinc, etc.

H₂O - important - biochemical reactions

Electron cloud become tetrahedron

Electron circle the nucleus- "revolving" charge interactions

Oscillating H bonds Polar + Stable + interact

Urea - tends to align water molecules doesn’t allow them to evaporate

1. Water is a universal solvent, ions form ionic compounds, covalent compounds form interfaced substances for reactions (i.e. clays, bubbles, membranes)
2. Water is cohesive and adhesive

Hyaline - pulmonary surfactant

3. Water has high specific heat, thus it takes lots of heat to raise the temperature, and it holds temp. a long time.
1. Water has a high boiling point, it takes a lot of energy to overcome it.
2. water is a good evaporate, once the molecules have enough energy to form gas, gas takes heat with them.
3. Water has a high freezing point

Less dense as solid than liquid

Pro - organisms can store water in cold weather

Con - ice crystals can damage cells

Max. Density is 4 deg.

At 0 deg. It becomes less dense

The oxygen trapped in the ice crystals act as a floating insulator

Therefore animals can burrow in the winter

they add fat (Also and insulator/ and for food storage)

Lower metab. Rate and temp.

pH - the measure dissociation in water

Acids - H positive in H₂O

Bases - OH negative in H₂O

Negative log of H of molar concentration

Therefore pH 6 ~ pH 5 = 10 x increase

pH 6 = H⁺ = 10 ^-6 moles / L

OH^- = 10 ^-8 moles/ L

Note: slight pH changes ~ lots of ions, an organism’s pH is fairly constant

Buffers à store, take up ions

Ex: Bicarbonates

CO₂ + H₂O à H₂CO₃ + H⁺ + Na + HCO₃^-

Carbonic Acid Bicarbonate

Life due to chem. Reaction of C based molecule, monomers- polymers- macromolecules

4 Classes - Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

In to C skeletons with functional groups

Carboxyl acids - C=O (COOH, COO")

- OH polar

Alcohols: (each takes part in specific types of reactions)

C-OH POLAR

C-H NON-POLAR

O-H

H-N

C=O

P-O-H

Alcohol + acid à ester bond

-C-OH + -COOH à -C-O-COOH

C H₂O

Carbo hydrates:

CHO à sugar starch

H: O = 2:1

Energy à glycogen for animals

à starch for plants support (cellulose)

Glycoprotein receptors, Gram + and gram - bacteria

Can be linear or ringed

5. pentose ring rings in water
1. hexose ring

C=O reacts with H₂O

Chain closes

They try to rearrange to the most energetically favorable positions

Alpha (a) + Beta (B) glucoses - work different reactions (L,D)

Monomers ------------à (Dehydration synthesis) out comes the water and turns to polymers

Monosaccharides ß ---------- (Hydrolysis) in goes the water and comes from a Polysaccharide

Polysaccharides Differ:

1 diff. Arrangement of bonds between mono.

2 diff. Branching patterns with in polymers

3 total arrangement of monomers

glycogen à animal storage (Glucose à glycogen)

(a) glucsose

no cross bridges

Starch à plant storage

many (a) glucose = amylose

amylopectin - similar to glycogen but not as many branches and ends

• doesn’t hydrolyze as easily as amylose
• food storage in plants

Ex: potato

Advantage - amylose + amylopectin

amylose- Fast digestion for energy

amylopectin- slower to take apart

Cellulose- building matrl plants

most abundant organic matrl on earth

Straight chain (B) glucose (B1-4)

Lipids -Fats, Waxes, and Oils

Doesn’t dissolve in water

high proportion of C-H bonds à CHO, P and N, No 2:1 ratio

dissolve in non-polar solvents

vital component of cell membranes (ER, Golgi bodies, Mito., chloro.)

separate aqueous components of living

intra - extracellular

Both are aqueous but have different needs

Stores energy

C-H more energy rich than C-O or O-H

2 times more energy than Carbos of the same molecular weight have

Not attract Water molecules - carbos do

• long term energy especially for female reproduction

Fat pad for reproduction area

continuation of species

• insulation
• fats of kidneys and organs

• long chain of C-H … with -COOH
• unsaturated (double bonds) Oleicà margarine
• saturated (all single bonds) palmitic acid
• Solids à Butyric (butter)
• polyunsaturated à oils
• monounsaturated à olive oil
• R-COOH Polar: hydrophilic (likes water) ( attracts H₂O)
• -C- non-polar: hydrophobic (Repels water)
• rarely occur freely
• glycolipids
• lipoproteins
• phospholipids

• 
• glycerol + 3 fatty acids
• alcohol + acid à ester bond

• insoluble in water
• 4 contiguous C rings
• various side groups
• cholesterol- animal cell membranes
• hormones
• progesterone- sex hormone
• testosterone - sex hormone
• estradoile - osteoporosis
• cortisone- sex hormone
• Bile Salts - gull bladder
• membrane stability - animal cells
• no cell walls 5 - - cholesterol
• Remember: structure = function
• 2^nd law of thermo - most energetically favorable
• saturated fat -
• unsaturated fat- C=C
• Changes in 3D forms a "kink" - the more double bonds the more kinks, so the more water is able to get in
• Cloud around the H’s collectively oscillating in harmony - due to Vanderwaals
• therefore non-polar
• if introduced to polar (water) it will almost repel it
• it will force H₂O into a rigid order, since it takes a lot of energy to do that..
• it is not in its most energetic favorable spot
• therefore water is excluded by charge (not size)

If unsaturated it is in a different shape

H₂O aligns differently

Differences:

Fats ~ waxes ~ Oils = # of double bonds

Subs in the chain of CH₄

length of the side chains